Patient Cases
Three fictional cases. Tap an answer, then Check answer to reveal the explanation. Try another choice to compare the reasoning.
Case 1: Knee pain on stairs — should I treat the ankle or hip?
Casey, 48, wants to descend the 12 stairs at home comfortably while using the handrail. The supervising PT has assessed the pain as patellofemoral pain and found no restriction to graded exercise. During a step-down, Casey’s heel rises early and the knee moves forward less on that side.
What you learn next: Weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion is more limited on the symptomatic side. Knee-extensor capacity is also reduced. The hip assessment does not identify a meaningful limitation for this task.
Which plan best fits these findings?
Tap your choice, then check your answer.
A. Treat only the ankle until both sides have equal motion.
Check answer ↻
Revisit your choice
An ankle finding does not justify removing relevant knee loading or waiting for perfect symmetry.
Best answer: B. Combine knee loading and step practice; trial ankle treatment if indicated and reassess.
Reason it through: The ankle finding gives you a hypothesis: limited motion may affect how Casey manages the step. It does not prove the ankle caused the knee pain. Consider an ankle intervention if the examination supports it, then recheck the task. Keep education, appropriate knee loading and step practice in the plan. Hip exercise may also help when the assessment and goals support it; a normal strength test alone does not rule it out.
Put it into practice: Try a lower step with the rail to find a manageable starting task. If you trial an ankle intervention, recheck the same step setup before changing other variables. Easier performance on a lower step reflects a changed demand; it does not identify the source of pain.
Reassess: Use the same step height, rail use and number of repetitions. Compare symptoms, control, effort and confidence; later check the actual home-stair goal.
Make it click: Assess nearby joints when the task and examination give you a reason. Treat a relevant finding, not simply a nearby joint.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
B. Combine knee loading and step practice; trial ankle treatment if indicated and reassess.
Check answer ↻
Best answer
This addresses the knee capacity and task while testing the relevance of the ankle finding.
Best answer: B. Combine knee loading and step practice; trial ankle treatment if indicated and reassess.
Reason it through: The ankle finding gives you a hypothesis: limited motion may affect how Casey manages the step. It does not prove the ankle caused the knee pain. Consider an ankle intervention if the examination supports it, then recheck the task. Keep education, appropriate knee loading and step practice in the plan. Hip exercise may also help when the assessment and goals support it; a normal strength test alone does not rule it out.
Put it into practice: Try a lower step with the rail to find a manageable starting task. If you trial an ankle intervention, recheck the same step setup before changing other variables. Easier performance on a lower step reflects a changed demand; it does not identify the source of pain.
Reassess: Use the same step height, rail use and number of repetitions. Compare symptoms, control, effort and confidence; later check the actual home-stair goal.
Make it click: Assess nearby joints when the task and examination give you a reason. Treat a relevant finding, not simply a nearby joint.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
C. Treat the hip because it is above the painful knee.
Check answer ↻
Revisit your choice
Hip exercise can help when indicated, but location alone is not a reason to select it.
Best answer: B. Combine knee loading and step practice; trial ankle treatment if indicated and reassess.
Reason it through: The ankle finding gives you a hypothesis: limited motion may affect how Casey manages the step. It does not prove the ankle caused the knee pain. Consider an ankle intervention if the examination supports it, then recheck the task. Keep education, appropriate knee loading and step practice in the plan. Hip exercise may also help when the assessment and goals support it; a normal strength test alone does not rule it out.
Put it into practice: Try a lower step with the rail to find a manageable starting task. If you trial an ankle intervention, recheck the same step setup before changing other variables. Easier performance on a lower step reflects a changed demand; it does not identify the source of pain.
Reassess: Use the same step height, rail use and number of repetitions. Compare symptoms, control, effort and confidence; later check the actual home-stair goal.
Make it click: Assess nearby joints when the task and examination give you a reason. Treat a relevant finding, not simply a nearby joint.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
Case 2: How does this exercise help me lift my child?
Morgan, 35, has persistent low-back pain and wants to lift a toddler from the floor and carry them across the room. The supervising PT has screened and evaluated Morgan and cleared graded lifting. Morgan can do the prescribed bridge but still avoids floor lifting.
What you learn next: Morgan has practiced only on the mat. A light box lifted from a raised surface feels manageable, but lifting from the floor feels threatening.
What is the most useful next change?
Tap your choice, then check your answer.
A. Add manageable box lifting from a raised surface and work toward the goal.
Check answer ↻
Best answer
This introduces graded practice of the actual goal at a manageable starting demand.
Best answer: A. Add manageable box lifting from a raised surface and work toward the goal.
Reason it through: A bridge can train hip and trunk muscle performance when assessment identifies a relevant need. Improvement in the bridge alone does not demonstrate better lifting. The bridge does not reproduce lifting from the floor or carrying. Add graded practice with a box: choose a manageable load and starting height, then work toward the actual task. Explain the purpose of each exercise in the patient’s words.
Put it into practice: “We are practicing with this box to work toward lifting your child. We will keep the bridge if it addresses a relevant need.” Progress one useful demand, such as lowering the starting surface, while keeping the load and carry distance steady. Select the starting dose from the observed response and recovery.
Reassess: Record the box load, start height, carry distance, effort and confidence, plus symptoms during practice and afterward. Progress toward the agreed real-life goal rather than chasing a larger exercise number.
Make it click: Name the exercise’s job: build capacity, practice the task, or both. If you cannot explain the connection, reconsider the choice.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
B. Only increase bridge resistance.
Check answer ↻
Revisit your choice
A harder bridge does not provide lifting and carrying practice.
Best answer: A. Add manageable box lifting from a raised surface and work toward the goal.
Reason it through: A bridge can train hip and trunk muscle performance when assessment identifies a relevant need. Improvement in the bridge alone does not demonstrate better lifting. The bridge does not reproduce lifting from the floor or carrying. Add graded practice with a box: choose a manageable load and starting height, then work toward the actual task. Explain the purpose of each exercise in the patient’s words.
Put it into practice: “We are practicing with this box to work toward lifting your child. We will keep the bridge if it addresses a relevant need.” Progress one useful demand, such as lowering the starting surface, while keeping the load and carry distance steady. Select the starting dose from the observed response and recovery.
Reassess: Record the box load, start height, carry distance, effort and confidence, plus symptoms during practice and afterward. Progress toward the agreed real-life goal rather than chasing a larger exercise number.
Make it click: Name the exercise’s job: build capacity, practice the task, or both. If you cannot explain the connection, reconsider the choice.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
C. Start repeated floor lifting at the toddler’s full weight.
Check answer ↻
Revisit your choice
The full demand skips the manageable starting point and may exceed current tolerance.
Best answer: A. Add manageable box lifting from a raised surface and work toward the goal.
Reason it through: A bridge can train hip and trunk muscle performance when assessment identifies a relevant need. Improvement in the bridge alone does not demonstrate better lifting. The bridge does not reproduce lifting from the floor or carrying. Add graded practice with a box: choose a manageable load and starting height, then work toward the actual task. Explain the purpose of each exercise in the patient’s words.
Put it into practice: “We are practicing with this box to work toward lifting your child. We will keep the bridge if it addresses a relevant need.” Progress one useful demand, such as lowering the starting surface, while keeping the load and carry distance steady. Select the starting dose from the observed response and recovery.
Reassess: Record the box load, start height, carry distance, effort and confidence, plus symptoms during practice and afterward. Progress toward the agreed real-life goal rather than chasing a larger exercise number.
Make it click: Name the exercise’s job: build capacity, practice the task, or both. If you cannot explain the connection, reconsider the choice.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
Case 3: They’re stronger. Why are stairs still hard?
At follow-up, Casey’s knee-extension strength has improved. The first few step-downs look easier, but a full flight at home still feels difficult. Casey has ten minutes for exercise and has been completing only two of the six prescribed exercises.
What you learn next: The clinic has tested only a few repetitions. Casey reports that difficulty builds later in the flight, and the home program takes too long to finish.
What should happen before automatically adding weight?
Tap your choice, then check your answer.
A. Add four more exercises.
Check answer ↻
Revisit your choice
A longer program does not address the reported time barrier.
Best answer: C. Assess repeated stepping and recovery; agree on a shorter achievable plan.
Reason it through: The strength change is useful, but it does not establish that the stair goal has improved. Reassess repeated stepping, symptom behavior, confidence, rail use and the actual program completed. Reconsider the working explanation if the findings do not fit.
Put it into practice: Agree on a shorter plan Casey can carry out. Prioritize an exercise for the remaining capacity need and graded stair practice; keep supporting exercises only when they have a clear purpose. If repeated stepping reveals a tolerance limit, adjust practice volume or rest to match that finding rather than automatically adding weight.
Reassess: Repeat a consistent stair task and track repetitions or steps, assistance, effort, confidence and recovery. Compare it with Casey’s experience at home. New or worsening findings require reassessment, not simply a harder program.
Make it click: Measure the goal as well as the impairment. A stronger muscle is progress; the patient’s task tells you whether the plan is transferring.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
B. Keep the program unchanged because strength improved.
Check answer ↻
Revisit your choice
The stair goal remains unmet despite an improved strength measure.
Best answer: C. Assess repeated stepping and recovery; agree on a shorter achievable plan.
Reason it through: The strength change is useful, but it does not establish that the stair goal has improved. Reassess repeated stepping, symptom behavior, confidence, rail use and the actual program completed. Reconsider the working explanation if the findings do not fit.
Put it into practice: Agree on a shorter plan Casey can carry out. Prioritize an exercise for the remaining capacity need and graded stair practice; keep supporting exercises only when they have a clear purpose. If repeated stepping reveals a tolerance limit, adjust practice volume or rest to match that finding rather than automatically adding weight.
Reassess: Repeat a consistent stair task and track repetitions or steps, assistance, effort, confidence and recovery. Compare it with Casey’s experience at home. New or worsening findings require reassessment, not simply a harder program.
Make it click: Measure the goal as well as the impairment. A stronger muscle is progress; the patient’s task tells you whether the plan is transferring.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
C. Assess repeated stepping and recovery; agree on a shorter achievable plan.
Check answer ↻
Best answer
This investigates the unmet task demand and makes the plan feasible before selecting a progression.
Best answer: C. Assess repeated stepping and recovery; agree on a shorter achievable plan.
Reason it through: The strength change is useful, but it does not establish that the stair goal has improved. Reassess repeated stepping, symptom behavior, confidence, rail use and the actual program completed. Reconsider the working explanation if the findings do not fit.
Put it into practice: Agree on a shorter plan Casey can carry out. Prioritize an exercise for the remaining capacity need and graded stair practice; keep supporting exercises only when they have a clear purpose. If repeated stepping reveals a tolerance limit, adjust practice volume or rest to match that finding rather than automatically adding weight.
Reassess: Repeat a consistent stair task and track repetitions or steps, assistance, effort, confidence and recovery. Compare it with Casey’s experience at home. New or worsening findings require reassessment, not simply a harder program.
Make it click: Measure the goal as well as the impairment. A stronger muscle is progress; the patient’s task tells you whether the plan is transferring.
Tap “Check answer” again to close the explanation, or choose another answer.
About these cases & references
Built from the assessment, functioning and exercise-prescription topics in my Therapeutic Exercise notes, with current clinical references checked. These are learning cases with more than one defensible answer, not complete treatment protocols or official NPTE questions. Students implement care within supervision and the established plan of care.
Neal et al., patellofemoral pain best practice guide (2024): exercise and education, with supporting interventions chosen for individual needs.
George et al., low-back pain clinical practice guideline (2021): exercise options informed by the presentation and assessment.
WHO ICF: connecting impairments, activities and participation.
Revised October 29, 2026.
